Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 25
Filter
2.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 67(2): 98-105, jun. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1021834

ABSTRACT

The dietary practices of diverse population groups, associated with the nutritional transition and the rapid demographic changes occurring globally require more attention to the food preferences of migrant groups such as Latinos living in the United States United States of America (US). This work aimed at the performance of an instrument utilized to measure availability of healthy food options in Latino stores located in the town of Somerville, state of Massachusetts. The methodology included the application of two versions: Guatemalan and US of the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for Stores (NEMS-S), for the assessment of the availability of healthy food options in three Latino stores. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that foods sold in Latino stores were identified more successfully with the Guatemalan-NEMS-S than with the US NEMS-S. There was a general lack of healthy food options found when using the US survey, as well as a relatively narrow selection of fruits and vegetables. As conclusion, it was found that the US NEMS-S tended to identify a lower number of healthy food options, as compared to a larger number of similar options when a culturally-appropriate survey was used. These findings illustrate a manner in which a culture-specific instrument perform more appropriately than similar instruments adapted for other population groups, especially when the results are to be applied to support development of healthy food policies(AU)


Las prácticas alimentarias de diversos grupos de población, asociadas a la transición nutricional, y a los rápidos cambios demográficos que se producen a nivel mundial, exigen más atención a las preferencias alimentarias de grupos migrantes, como por ejemplo Latinos en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (EU). Este trabajo documenta los resultados de aplicar un instrumento para medir disponibilidad de alimentos saludables en tres tiendas latinas ubicadas en la ciudad de Somerville, estado de Massachusetts. La metodología utilizada incluyó la aplicación de dos versiones: guatemalteca y EU de la Encuesta para Medir Ambiente Nutricional en Tiendas (NEMS-S, siglas en inglés), para evaluar la disponibilidad de alimentos saludables. Los datos se analizaron con estadísticas descriptivas. Los resultados indicaron que los alimentos vendidos en las tiendas latinas fueron identificados con más acierto con el NEMS-S guatemalteco que con el NEMS-S de EU. Con este último instrumento, se obtuvo un número menor de opciones saludables y una selección limitada de frutas y de vegetales. Como conclusión, se encontró que el NEMS-S de EU identificaba un menor número de opciones de alimentos saludables, en comparación con el instrumento culturalmente apropiado. Estos hallazgos ilustran la importancia de utilizar instrumentos específicos para determinar disponibilidad de alimentos saludables, especialmente cuando los resultados se utilicen para apoyar el desarrollo de políticas alimentarias(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Nutrition Surveys , Feeding Behavior , Food , Nutritive Value , Demography , Diet, Healthy
3.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-164508

ABSTRACT

Micronutrient fortification of staple foods can be an effective strategy to combat micronutrient malnutrition. When planning on fortification, challenges faced include the collection of essential information on population food and nutrient intake patterns, as well as the use of this information in a method to select appropriate fortification levels. A symposium was organized aimed at discussing the existing approaches to set effective and safe micronutrient fortification levels and to outline the challenges and needs in this area. Two different approaches to establish effective and safe fortification levels for food fortification were presented. In the first approach, the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) are used as cut-points in the micronutrient intake distribution to evaluate and simulate effective and safe micronutrient intakes. This was exemplified by challenges encountered in Guatemala and Cameroon towards unequal vitamin A intake distribution and the impact of the food vehicle choice. Secondly, the risk-benefit approach was presented as an approach in which risks and benefits of micronutrient intakes can be quantified and balanced in order to optimize fortification benefits with the least risks and to allow decision making. This was illustrated by a case on folic acid fortification in The Netherlands. Irrespective of the approach, food and nutrient intake data are required to identify potential vehicles for fortification, quantify the nutrient gap to be addressed, and set the appropriate level of fortification based on consumption pattern. Such information is rarely available to the quality and extent ideal to set fortification levels and requires regular updating, as exemplified in the case of sugar fortification in Guatemala. While the EAR cut-point method can be used to determine the proportion of the population meeting their required and safe nutrient intakes and set goals, riskbenefit assessment may offer an answer to commonly-asked questions as to whether, and at which levels, the benefits of increasing micronutrient intakes outweigh the risks.

4.
Salud pública Méx ; 57(2): 117-127, mar.-abr. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-754078

ABSTRACT

Objective. To examine the nature and energy contribution of complementary feeding in breastfed infants in their sixth month of life, and the prevalence of the use of bottles as a delivery method. Materials and methods. We recruited 156 breastfeeding infants at a health clinic in metropolitan Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. A previous-day recall was performed. Results. Sixty nine mothers (44%) reported offering items other than breastmilk. The median contribution of energy from complementary foods among infants with mixed feeding (n=66) was 197 kcal/day (interquartile range [IQR] 49-353). The median energy contribution of formula or cow's milk among consumers (n=39) was 212 kcal/day (IQR 84-394). Bottles were used on the previous day by 55 (80%) of the 69 mothers not offering exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions. Premature introduction of non-breastmilk items is commonly practiced in feeding Guatemalan infants. Adherence to the internationally recognized guidelines for early infant feeding should be an intervention priority for this population.


Objetivos. Examinar la naturaleza y contribución energética de la alimentación complementaria en infantes lactantes en el sexto mes de vida y la prevalencia del uso de biberones como método de alimentación. Material y métodos. Se seleccionaron 156 infantes lactantes en un centro de salud en la ciudad de Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. Se solicitó una rememoración de la alimentación del día anterior. Resultados. Sesenta y nueve madres (44%) reportaron dar alimentos adicionales a la leche materna. La mediana de contribución energética de alimentos complementarios en infantes con alimentación mixta (n=66) fue 197 kcal/día (rango intercuartil [RIC] 43-353). La mediana de contribución energética de leche de vaca entre consumidores (n=39) fue 212 kcal/día (RIC 84-394). De 69 madres que ofrecían alimentación mixta, 55 (80%) proporcionaron biberones. Conclusiones. Las madres guatemaltecas practican comúnmente la introducción prematura de la alimentación complementaria. La adhesión a las guías internacionalmente reconocidas para alimentación de infantes debe ser una prioridad de intervención en esta población.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Infant , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Bottle Feeding/standards , Breast Feeding , Energy Intake , Infant Food/statistics & numerical data , Urban Population , Bottle Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Cattle , Ethnicity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Guidelines as Topic , Guideline Adherence , Infant Formula/statistics & numerical data , Milk , Educational Status , Guatemala
5.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-164797

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The Guatemalan Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance has scaled-up co-adjunctive zinc as a national policy, yet utilization of this newly-available life-saving commodity remains a concern. The purpose of this study was to design effective co-packaging for zinc and ORS, informed by social-marketing, to influence both caregivers' and providers' behaviours in a demonstration project at the health post level in the department of San Marcos, Guatemala. Methods: Local concepts, perceptions and experiences relating to diarrhea and care seeking were explored in 8 focus group discussions (n=82) and 24 key informant interviews with caregivers. Prototype co-packaging and messages were developed and reviewed with 14 mothers and 10 providers in 4 municipalities to pretest the candidate materials. Results: Formative research identified two major challenges to correctly using zinc and ORS to treat childhood diarrhea: 1) the concept of adherence to zinc once symptoms disappeared; and 2) dissolving a tablet in a spoon was a new skill. A campaign of Zinc-10 was created and tested to promote the concept of 10 days of adherence to zinc; additional visual aids focussed on showing dissolving of zinc on a spoon. These candidate concepts and messages were highly accepted by caregivers and providers, yet revisions were needed for images and materials used. Conclusions: Using a social-marketing approach, packaging and promotional messages were developed that were more acceptable to caregivers and providers than the original prototypes. These materials will be tested in a randomized community trial to see the effectiveness of the co-packaging on caregiver adherence and provider behaviour.

6.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-164697

ABSTRACT

Objectives: To estimate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of price-based interventions with commercially distributed packaged fortified powdered milk (FPM) for the reduction of iron and vitamin A deficiencies in 6-23 months old Filipino children. Methods: We carried out a survey stratified by socio-economic status among 1600 households and performed a hypothetical marketing experiment to estimate the price elasticity of the demand for FPM. These results were then combined with a systematic review on the efficacy of food fortification in controlled trials and with a model of the lifetime cost-consequences of micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) in infancy. Results: While a high proportion of children living in wealthier households consume substantial amounts of FPM, consumption is much lower in poorer households. Demand for FPM is considerably more elastic in poor households (price elasticity of -0.8 in lowest versus -0.3 in the highest socio-economic decile). A relative 20% reduction in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost can be achieved by discounting prices by 30% among the poorest 20% of the population. This intervention has a cost-effectiveness ratio of 329 USD per DALY gained. Conclusions: Interventions with commercially distributed FPM have the potential to efficiently reduce the burden of MNDs in the Philippines. Interventions targeting poor households are more cost-effective because of the higher prevalence of MNDs, lower levels of current consumption and higher price elasticity of demand. These results may have important implications for the design and implementation of complementary feeding interventions aimed to reduce MNDs.

7.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 35(2): 113-120, feb. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-710563

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To obtain background information about maternal health and health-seeking behaviors among indigenous mothers living in rural Mam-Mayan communities of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of 100 pregnant and breastfeeding women in four communities was performed to determine prevalence and determinants of service utilization. RESULTS: Extreme poverty, poor education, and poor access to basic resources were prevalent. Out of 100 women 14-41 years old, 33% did not use the formal health care sector for antenatal care; the majority consulted a traditional birth attendant. Only 13% delivered in a hospital. Lower socioeconomic status, lack of fluency in Spanish, and no ownership of a motorized vehicle were associated with the highest likelihood of poor utilization of services. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of factors affect utilization of maternal health services by indigenous women in rural Quetzaltenango. These include socioeconomic disparities, ethnic and linguistic differences, and poor access to basic resources. The current reproductive needs of women should be addressed to improve their health and increase their chance of having healthy children.


OBJETIVO: Obtener información básica acerca de la salud materna y los comportamientos relacionados con la búsqueda de asistencia sanitaria en madres indígenas residentes en comunidades rurales de la etnia maya mam en Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un análisis transversal de 100 mujeres pertenecientes a cuatro comunidades, embarazadas o en período de lactancia, con objeto de determinar la prevalencia y los determinantes de la utilización de servicios. RESULTADOS: La pobreza extrema, la escasa formación y el acceso limitado a los recursos básicos fueron prevalentes. De las 100 mujeres, de 14 a 41 años de edad, 33% no acudieron al sector formal de atención de salud en busca de asistencia prenatal; la mayor parte de ellas consultaron a una partera tradicional. Solo 12% dieron a luz en un hospital. El nivel socioeconómico inferior, la falta de fluidez en español y la carencia de un vehículo motorizado se asociaron con la mayor probabilidad de escasa utilización de los servicios. CONCLUSIONES: Diversos factores afectan a la utilización de los servicios de salud materna por parte de las mujeres indígenas del Quetzaltenango rural. Entre estos factores figuran las desigualdades socioeconómicas, las diferencias lingüísticas y étnicas, y el acceso limitado a los recursos básicos. Es preciso atender a las necesidades reproductivas actuales de las mujeres para mejorar su salud y aumentar sus probabilidades de tener hijos sanos.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Indians, Central American , Maternal Health Services , Maternal Welfare , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Guatemala , Rural Population , Social Class
8.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-173941

ABSTRACT

Giardia intestinalis is an intestinal parasite widely prevalent in children attending daycare centres worldwide and has been associated with undernutrition. Stool samples from 48 Guatemalan children (aged 1.5-7 years) attending participating daycare centres were analyzed over five weeks for presence of Giardia intestinalis using light microscopy, ELISA, and rapid dipstick test. Giardia prevalence rates were 43.7% at Week 0 and 44.7% at Week 4, based on ELISA. Intensity, but not prevalence, of infection showed a trend toward decreased weight-for-age (1-tailed p=0.08). We believe that ELISA analysis of stool samples may be further adapted for measuring the intensity of infection in humans.

9.
Salud pública Méx ; 53(4): 288-298, jul.-ago. 2011. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-601187

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare variety and diversity patterns and dietary characteristics in Guatemalan women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two non-consecutive 24-h recalls were conducted in convenience samples of 20 rural Mayan women and 20 urban students. Diversity scores were computed using three food-group systems.Variety and diversity scores and dietary origin and characteristics were compared between settings using independent t-test or Mann-Whitney-U-test. RESULTS: Dietary variety and diversity were generally greater in the urban sample when compared to the rural sample, depending on the number of days and food-group system used for evaluation.The diet was predominantly plant-based and composed of non-fortified food items in both areas.The rural diet was predominantly composed of traditional,non-processed foods. The urban diet was mostly based on non-traditional and processed items. CONCLUSION: Considerations of intervention strategies for dietary improvement and health protection for the Guatemalan countryside should still rely on promotion and preservation of traditional food selection.


OBJETIVO: Comparar patrones y características de diversidad y variedad de la dieta de mujeres guatemaltecas. MATERIEL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizaron dos recordatorios de 24-horas en una muestra de conveniencia de 20 mujeres rurales y 20 estudiantes urbanas. Se calcularon puntajes de diversidad usando tres sistemas de grupos alimentarios. La variedad y diversidad, así como el origen y características de la dieta, se compararon entre ambos sitios. RESULTADOS: La variedad y diversidad en general fueron mayores en la muestra urbana en comparación con la muestra rural, dependiendo del número de días y del sistema de grupos de alimentos utilizados para la evaluación. La dieta rural fue predominantemente vegetal y compuesta de alimentos tradicionales no procesados. La dieta urbana estaba basada primordialmente en alimentos procesados. CONCLUSIÓN: Las consideraciones para crear estrategias de intervención para el mejoramiento de la dieta en el área rural dependen de la conservación de la selección de alimentos tradicionales.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Diet , Food , Diet Surveys , Guatemala , Rural Population , Urban Population
10.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 25(2): 146-156, Feb. 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-512378

ABSTRACT

Objective. To determine if fruit and vegetable consumption among high– and low–socioeconomic status (HSES–LSES) urban schoolchildren in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, was adequate according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.Methods. Cross-sectional data from 449 third- and fourth-grade girls and boys from 12 elementary schools were collected, analyzed, and presented by socioeconomic status and gender. Public schoolchildren were classified as LSES (n = 219) and private schoolchildren were classified as HSES (n = 230). Dietary fruit/vegetable intake of each student was determined based on a 24-hour recall pictorial record and personal interview. All food items containing fruits or vegetables (including beverages) were classified and tabulated. Frequency of fruit/vegetableintake was calculated based on “mentions” (number of times a fruit or vegetable item was reportedly consumed), and nutritional adequacy was assessed for each group by mean and median values and compared to WHO daily recommended fruit/vegetable intake (400 g). Based on World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) exclusion guidelines, the fruit/vegetable contribution to total energy was estimated. Results. Of the 247 different food items identified, 93 (37.7%) contained a fruit or vegetable. Total food mentions (n = 6 512) included 637 fruit items and 701 vegetable items. Althoughmean fruit/vegetable intake in grams was 461.3 (standard deviation, ± 332.5), more than half (56.3%) of the subjects fell below the 400-g recommended daily level. Estimatedfruit/vegetable contribution to total energy was 21.2% for HSES and 19.1% for LSES. Conclusion. This study revealed inadequate fruit/vegetable intake among the study sample. For compliance with global recommendations, interventions promoting fruit/ vegetable intake are needed.


Objetivo. Determinar si el consumo de frutas y vegetales en escolares de ingresos altos y bajos de zonas urbanas de Quetzaltenango es el adecuado según las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Métodos. Estudio transversal en 449 niñas y niños de tercer y cuarto grados de 12 escuelas de educación elemental. Los datos se presentaron según el sexo y el nivel socioeconómico. Los niños de escuelas públicas (n = 219) se consideraron de nivel socioeconómicobajo (NSEB) y los de escuelas privadas (n = 230) como de nivel socioeconómicoalto (NSEA). El consumo de frutas y vegetales en la dieta de cada estudiantese determinó a partir de un recordatorio de 24 horas mediante registros pictóricos y entrevistas personales. Se tabularon todos los alimentos que contenían frutas o vegetales (incluidas las bebidas). La frecuencia del consumo de frutas y vegetales se calculó a partir de las veces que se mencionó el consumo de una fruta o un vegetal y se evaluó el grado de adecuación nutricional mediante la comparación de los valores medios y medianos de cada grupo con el consumo diario recomendado por la OMS (400 g). Se utilizaron las directivas de exclusión del Fondo Mundial para las Investigacionescontra el Cáncer (WCRF) para estimar la contribución de las frutas y vegetalesal aporte energético total. Resultados. De los 247 diferentes alimentos identificados, 93 (37,7%) contenían unafruta o un vegetal. Del los 6 512 registros, 637 contenían alguna fruta y 701 algún vegetal. Aunque el consumo medio de frutas y vegetales fue de 461,3 g (desviación estándar = ± 332,5 g), más de la mitad (56,3%) de los estudiantes tenían un consumo pordebajo de los 400 g diarios recomendados. Se estimó que las frutas y vegetales contribuían en 21,2% al aporte energético total en los niños de NSEA y en 19,1% en los de NSEB.Conclusiones. Estos resultados demuestran el inadecuado consumo de frutas y vegetales en la muestra estudiada...


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Eating , Fruit , Vegetables , Cross-Sectional Studies , Guatemala
11.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 22(3): 169-177, sep. 2007. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-467778

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is growing in children in many developing countries, increasing chronic disease risk. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of stunting, underweight, overweight, and obesity in schoolchildren 8 to 10 years old who were of high or low socioeconomic status (SES) in Quetzaltenango, which is the second largest city in Guatemala METHODS: Between April and June 2005 we conducted a cross-sectional survey among 583 children in private and public elementary schools, in which we measured height and weight. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2000 height-for-age z-scores, weight-for-age z-scores, and body mass index-for-age centiles were used to define stunting, underweight, overweight, and obesity. RESULTS: Mean height, weight, and body mass index were significantly higher in the 327 children of high SES than in the 256 children of low SES, across sexes and age groups. The prevalence of stunting was significantly higher in low-SES children than in high-SES ones (27.0 percent vs. 7.3 percent, P < 0.01) , and this was also true for underweight (14.1 percent versus 4.6 percent, P < 0.01). In contrast, the prevalence of overweight (17.7 percent versus 10.5 percent, P < 0.01) was higher in high-SES children than in low-SES ones; the same was true for obesity (14.4 percent versus 2.3 percent, P < 0.01). The prevalence of stunting among children of low SES, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children of high SES far exceeded the CDC 2000 reference ranges. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of both stunting and excess body weight was found in this urban Guatemalan population, with notable contrasts between social classes. The obesity among high-income children indicates that the city is undergoing the nutrition transition, with further implications for future risks related to chronic disease. Nutrition and health interventions are needed to reduce these risks.


OBJETIVO: En muchos países en desarrollo se elevan las prevalencias de sobrepeso y de obesidad en niños, con el incremento del riesgo de enfermedades crónicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las prevalencias de retraso en el crecimiento, peso bajo, sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares de 8 a 10 años de edad de niveles socioeconómicos (NSE) alto o bajo en Quetzaltenango, la segunda mayor ciudad de Guatemala. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal entre abril y junio de 2005 en el que se midió el peso y la talla de 583 niños de escuelas primarias privadas y públicas. Para evaluar el retraso en el crecimiento, el peso bajo, el sobrepeso y la obesidad se utilizaron como referencias las puntuaciones z de la talla para la edad y del peso para la edad y los centiles de los índices de masa corporal para la edad, propuestos por los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de las Enfermedades (CDC) de los Estados Unidos de América en 2000. RESULTADOS: La talla, el peso y el índice de masa corporal medios fueron significativamente mayores en los 327 niños de NSE alto que en los 256 niños de NSE bajo en todos los grupos de edad y sexo. La prevalencia de retraso en el crecimiento fue significativamente mayor en los niños con NSE bajo que en los de NSE alto (27,0 por ciento frente a 7,3 por ciento; P < 0,01), al igual que la prevalencia de peso bajo (14,1 por ciento frente a 4,6 por ciento, P < 0,01). En contraste, la prevalencia de sobrepeso fue mayor en los niños con NSE alto que en los de NSE bajo (17,7 por ciento frente a 10,5 por ciento, P < 0,01), al igual que la prevalencia de obesidad (14,4 por ciento frente a 2,3 por ciento, P < 0,01). Las prevalencias de retraso en el crecimiento en los niños de NSE bajo y de sobrepeso y obesidad en los de NSE alto fueron mucho mayores que las referencias establecidas por los CDC en el año 2000. CONCLUSIONES: Se encontraron elevadas prevalencias de retraso en el crecimiento y de peso corporal excesivo...


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Growth Disorders/epidemiology , Nutritional Status , Overweight/epidemiology , Body Mass Index , Cross-Sectional Studies , Guatemala/epidemiology , Prevalence , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban Population
12.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 54(4): 363-373, dic. 2004. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-419039

ABSTRACT

Mesoamérica, el área de interés de este trabajo, es la sección de América Latina que se extiende desde México hasta Panamá. Las deliberaciones de comités internacionales constituyen las principales bases para el establecimiento de recomendaciones de nutrimentos. En menor grado, se han considerado las particularidades de biodisponibilidad de los distintos nutrimentos. Las recomendaciones de nutrimentos relativamente uniformes y cosistentes con respecto al hierro, al yodo y a la mayoría de las vitaminas del complejo B. Pero existen discrepancias con las recomendaciones promulgadas por otros nutrimentos. Una base válida para la armonización no sería la unificación de las recomendaciones a lo largo de Mesoamérica, sino la certeza de que la recomendación del nutrimento proporcionará su adecuada disponibilidad y/o llenará las reservas corporales de manera óptima para la supervivencia, el crecimiento, el bienestar y la función dentro del nicho ecológico de los grupos de población de la región. El hecho de que las recomendaciones de nutrimentos deben satifacerse a partir de los alimentos, que sean accesibles y aceptables culturalmente y que se aproximen a las demandas paralelas de las recomendaciones basadas en alimentos, representa un reto nutricional


Subject(s)
Nutritional Sciences , Nutritional Requirements , Latin America
13.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 48(2): 95-103, jun. 1998. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-226047

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the structure and environment of 31 street food vendors in an urban park in the downtown area of Guatemala City. Vendors were interviewed and observed in order to assess the quality, safety, and accessibility of street food. The street food vending in the park consisted of five types: whole meal, snack, beverage, fruits, and carts. A great variety of typical Guatemalan meals, as well as ready-to-eat fruits and hot dog chapin (hot dog with cabbage and avocado cream), were found in the park. The food preparation and handling revealed inadequacies concerning the hygiene. Circumstances, such as the lack of portable water near the vending site and unhygienic sanitary facilities, supported the transmission of pathogens. The clientele was of all ages, and included female as well as the male purchasers. Typical clients came from the surrounding area, i.e. the employees of civil and private offices, commercial businesses, and the non-food vendors of the park. Comparing the economy of street food with the definition of very poor in Guatemala, the prices on the street were often above the daily money needed for a basic food basket. However, a special clientele were the very poor, such as the street children and handicapped people, who carned their meals by helping out at the vending sites. Mainly female street food vendors were found at the whole meal, snackm and refreshment sites whereas men sold predominantly at the carts. For all of the vendors, it was the main source of income and for many families the only one.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Consumer Product Safety , Food , Food Handling , Hygiene , Urban Population , Food Contamination , Guatemala , Poverty , Quality Control
14.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 47(2 (Supl 1)): 44-9, jun. 1997.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-218746

ABSTRACT

Guatemala is a nation of 10 million persons, at the northern point of the chain of five Republics derived from Spanish colonies on the Ishmus of Central America. The country is diverse in its ethnicities, its climate and terrain, and its agricultural pursuits. The majority of its population is poor, illiterate, and under-employed. It has had aunique and turbulent political history, and only recently has emerged. The traditional basis of the diet, dating to Mayan times, is maize and beans. Guatemala City, with its population in excess of 2 million inhabitants, having doubled since the Earthquake of 1976, is the only major metropolis. The pattern of dietary selection and the format of eating meals is changing in relationship to the size, congestion, economic evolution, and modernization of the capital city. A wider selection of foods is consumed in the city, but preparation follows the traditions of the cuisine. Street vendors play an ever larger role in the feeding of the urban poor. Quantitative data are only available for vitamin A and zinc, and only in certain subsegment of the population. The vitamin A in fortified foods, notably table sugar which is fortified with retinyl palmitate by legal mandate, makes up over one-third of the intake. The maize tortilla is an important sources of calcium, iron, zinc and copper. Average zinc intakes are appropriate, but the biological availability of the metal is low. The intake of iodine is totally dependent upon table salt which is inconsistently fortified. Data on micronutrient status exists for vitamin A, iron, iodine, riboflavin and zinc. With respect to rural areas, no major advantages or disadvantages in the adequacy of micronutrient nutriture can be calimed for the urban population. IT is probable that, in the metropolitan area, vitamin A nutriture is slightly better and riboflavin status somewhat poorer than in the countryside. The prospects for tuture directions in urban lifestyle, in micronutrient status and in their interaction are uncertain. The pressures of growth are straining the ability of the municipal infrastructure and the industrial base to respond with provision of services and employment


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Food, Fortified/classification , Food, Fortified/statistics & numerical data , Life Style , Micronutrients/classification , Micronutrients/statistics & numerical data , Rural Areas , Urban Area , Guatemala
15.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 46(1): 22-6, mar. 1996. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-213173

ABSTRACT

Se presentan los resultados de una evaluación nutricional encaminada a mostrar el pátron general de consumo de alimentos y la ingesta de nutrientes en 303 pre-escolares (seis a 71 meses de edad) de tres aldeas rurales de la región sur-oriental de la República de Guatemala. Esta evaluación dietética se realizó como paso previo a una intervención alimentario-nitricional en la misma área geográfica. La información dietética fue recabada entre los meses de junio a agosto de 1991 por personal del Centro de Estudios en Sensoriopatías, Senectud e Impedimentos y Alteraciones Metabólicas CeSSIAM utilizando dos instrumentos de recolección de datos, mediante entrevistas efectuadas en visitas domiciliarias. Las informantes fueron las madres o personas encargadas de la alimentación de los niños. Los datos obtenidos fueron convertidos inicialmente a pesos, y posteriormente a micronutrientes con el objetivo de compararlos con los estándares dietéticos establecidos para los niños de esas edades. Los resultados mostraron un patrón dietético en el que la tortilla de maíz y los frijoles resultaron ser los aliemntos de mayor consumo, constituyendo, a la vez, las principales fuentes de caloría, proteínas y hierro. La ingesta de vitamina A mostró una adecuación dietética bastante baja y provino, en su mayoría, de fuentes de origen vegetal. Con excepción de proteína y hierro, las ingestas de micronutrientes estuvieron por debajo de las recomendaciones dietéticas


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Eating , Nutrition Assessment , Guatemala , Nutritional Sciences
16.
Rev. med. interna ; 5(2): 73-8, dic. 1994. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-262712

ABSTRACT

Con el objeto de estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular se estudiaron 375 sujetos, 142 hombres y 233 mujeres entre 20 y 78 años de edad, del interior de la república de Guatemala. Las variables de estudio incluyeron: hábito de fumar; presión arterial; antropometría; rendimiento físico y determinación de lípidos plasmáticos. Se excluyeron sujetos con antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular, mujeres que estuvieron tomando anticonceptivos y sujetos con valores de triglicéridos mayores de 400 mg/dl. El hábito de fumar 1 ó más cigarrillos por día fue reportado en el 41de los hombres y 4 de las mujeres. La prevalencia de hipertensión en hombres fue de 3.5 y 10.7 en mujeres. Se clasificó como sobrepeso al 21.8 y 30.9 de los hombres y mujeres respectivamente. El porcentaje de obesos para hombres y mujeres fue 4.2 y 15. La razón cintura: cadera como índice de distribución de grasa fue igual o menor de 1.0 en hombres y 0.8 en mujeres.El 32 de las mujeres y 27 de los hombres tuvieron valores de colesterol = 200 mg/dL de los cuales 11 de las mujres y 7 de los hombres tuvieron valores superiores a 240 mg/dL. Alrededor del 20 de los sujetos estudiados tuvieron valores de colesterol -LDL mayores de 130 mg/dL y 44 valores de colesterol -HDL menores de 35 mg/dL. Las prevalencias encontradas en esta población son similares a las reportadas en otros países en vías de desarrollo, pero menores que las de países desarrollados


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Cardiovascular Diseases , Risk Factors , Guatemala , Developing Countries
17.
Rev. med. interna ; 4(1): 16-9, jun. 1993. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-252474

ABSTRACT

Con el propósito de evaluar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en ancianos de un rea urbano marginal de Guatemala, se estudiaron 104 sujetos de ambos sexos cuyas edades oscilaron entre 60 y 103 años. A través de entrevistas, mediciones antropométricas e indicadores bioquímicos se obtuvo información de cuatro variables reconocidas como factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular: sobrepeso, tabaquismo, hipercolesterolemia e hipertensión arterial. El 74/100 de la población fue de sexo femenino y 26/100 de sexo masculino. La edad promedio ñDE para hombres fue de 72.8ñ 7.5 años y de 68.2ñ 8.2 años en mujeres. Se observó sobrepeso en 25/100 de las mujeres y en 15/100 de los hombres. El h bito de fumar actualmente, fue reportado en 25/100 de hombres y 4/100 en mujeres. Con relación al colesterol, 66/100 de mujeres y 69/100 de hombres tuvieron niveles arriba de 200mg/dl. Respecto a hipertensión sanguínea no se encontraron sujetos con presión arterial mayor de 160/90 mm Hg. Se concluye que el factor de riesgo m s prevalente en la población estudiada fue hipercolesterolemia, sin embargo, el 52.9/100 de los sujetos tiene por lo menos un factor de riesgo


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Aged , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Smoking , Cholesterol , Risk Factors , Guatemala , Obesity , Hypertension
18.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 88(1): 53-65, jan.-mar. 1993. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-117651

ABSTRACT

Fecal egg count scores were used to investigate the distribution and abundance of intestinal helminths in the population of a rural village. Prevalences of the major helminths were 41% with Ascaris lumbricoides 60% with Trichuris trichiura and 50% with Necator americanus. All three parasites showed a highly aggregated distribution among hosts. Age/prevalence and age/intensity profiles were typical for both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura with the highest worm burdens in the 50-10 year old children. For hookworm both prevalence and intensity curves were convex in shape with maximum infection levels in the 30-40 year old age class. Infected females had higher burdens of T. trichiura than infected males in all age classes of the population; there were no other effects of host gender. Analysis of associations between parasites within hosts revealed strong correlations between A. lumbricoides and T. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Individuals with heavy infections of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura showed highly significant aggregation within households. Associations between a variety of household features and heavy infections with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura are described


Subject(s)
Humans , Ascariasis/epidemiology , Necatoriasis/epidemiology , Trichuriasis/epidemiology , Guatemala
19.
Rev. med. interna ; 3(1): 8-12, dic. 1992. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-252464

ABSTRACT

Se efectuó evaluación clínica a 108 personas mayores de 60 años de ambos sexos, en un rea marginal de la Capital de Guatemala; las características demogr ficas y socieconómicas se presentan en un reporte previo (1). Los diagnósticos obtenidos fueron agrupados según el sistema org nico afectado y se clasificaron en las cinco primeras causas de morbilidad. Los problemas odontológicos fueron los que m s afectaron a esta población (n=95.88/100).El segundo sistema afectado en orden de frecuencia fue el Cardiovascular, 53.7/100 (n=58). El tercer lugar en frecuencia lo ocuparon los problemas gastrointestinales, con 33.3/100 (n=36). En cuarto lugar aparecen los problemas relacionados con el Sistema Osteomuscular Articular, donde 28.7/100 (n=31)de los sujetos evaluados tuvieron algún problema y en quinto lugar, se presentaron los relacionados con el sistema Dermatológico, con una frecuencia de 26 sujetos (24.7/100). Problemas del sistema Respiratorio y Nervioso se presentaron con menor frecuencia, por lo que no se incluyen entre las primeras causas de morbilidad. El diagnóstico se hizo por clínica, encontrando solamente una persona, de sexo femenino, clasificada sin enfermedad actual; adem s, se necesita hacer an lisis complementarios para confirmar algunos de los diagnósticos. El 36.1/100 de la población estudiada (n=39), consumía algun medicamento, siendo los preparados vitamínicos los de mayor consumo (30.7/100) y en segundo lugar los analgésicos (28/100 n=11). El estudio fue complementado con una evaluación oftalmológica a 83 sujetos mayores de 60 años, de la misma comunidad, observando que 91.6/100 (n=76)presentan alguna patología ocular. El diagnóstico m s frecuente fue el de Presbicia asociado a Hipermetropía en 24 sujetos (28.9/100) seguidos de Presbicia con 9 (10.8/100) y Cataratas con 8 (9.6/100); cuatro sujetos (4.8/100) presentaron Presbicia asociado con Astigmatismo y tres (3.6/100) tuvieron Ametropía, Glaucoma y Pterigión; los sujetos clasificados normales fueron 7 (8.4/100)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Morbidity , Guatemala
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL